Hierarchy and politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hierarchy and politics - Essay Example He is frustrated by his two daughters as a result of handing over power to them he says, â€Å"I would learn that; for by the marks of sovereignty, knowledge and reason, I should be false persuaded I had daughters† (I. 4, 755-756). In politics, hierarchy does not always provide the best alternative to leadership. The treatise written by James I, Basilikon Doran outline the true qualities of a leader. First, the king should keep track of his duties and responsibilities towards God, his roles and responsibilities while in office and lastly, he should have proper behavior regarding his day to day life (James I, 13). King Lear violates one of his roles as a king by dividing his kingdom to his three daughters other than giving it to the oldest son. â€Å"Tell me, my daughters, since now we will divest us both of rule, Interest of territory, cares of state†, (I. 1, 49-51). James I, also advised his son to be calm and watch his temper, â€Å"but I meane of that wise moderatio n, that first commaunding your selfe, shall as a Queene commaund all the affections and passions of your mind; and, as a Physician, wisely mixe all your actions according thereto† (James I, 28). The king should be slow to anger and wise in his judgment. King Lear does not apply this lesson before he dismisses his daughter Cordelia for her honesty. His daughter is open and she bluntly confesses that she loves him just as a daughter should love the father. â€Å"Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty According to my bond; no more nor less† (I. 1, 93-95). The king lets his anger control him and he disowns his honest daughter. He later makes a painful discovery that his two daughters whom he gave the kingdom were dishonest. The king violated the lesson regarding his day to day activities as a leader of the nation. Kings are expected to be in their modest behavior and are regarded as role models. They are the eye of the society; any act ivity done should be reasonable. â€Å"Remember therefore in all your actions, of the great account that yee are one daie to make: in all the daies of your life euer learning to die, and liuing euery day as it were your last† (James I, 37). The manner in which they eat, relate with their family and they sport they take. â€Å"Let me not stay a jot for dinner; go get it ready† (IV. 543). The king does not behave with authority and sanity when he decides to flee from his daughter’s house and run into the storm with his fool. It is inappropriate for the king to run away from leadership yet he is still regarded as the head of the family. He does not handle his daughters appropriately. According to James I, a king should be modest and behave in his best composure. He should rid himself off any circumstances that will destabilize his thinking in order to make clear judgment. He says,† be precise in effect, but social in shew: kythe [make known] more by your deed es then by your words the loue of vertue and hatred of vice: and delight more to bee godlie and vertuous in deede then to be thought and called so† (James I, 40). King Lear does not do this; he allows his madness to take the better part of him which makes him behave insanely. Cordelia finds out about his madness and seeks to help him. She says, â€Å"Alack, 'tis he! Why, he was met even now As mad asthe vex'd sea,

Individual Behavior and Communication Essay Example for Free

Individual Behavior and Communication Essay The Walt Disney Company was established in 1923, by Walt Elias Disney and his brother Roy. The two brothers founded the organization on big dreams and determination. Their primary goal was to make people happy and provide quality entertainment. The Disney organization has been around for over 85 years. The core ideology of the Disney Company promotes a source of guidance and inspiration. The core values and mission of the company is what the employees base their foundation on. Attitude and behavior is attributed to the core values of the organization. The values that Disney represents are maintaining strong innovation, maintaining high quality services, and striving to achieve quality products. The underlying principles innovation, quality, community, and storytelling are what the Disney organization symbolizes. Walt Disney worked very hard to provide the community with an outstanding organization. Anyone who is affiliated with or working for the Disney organization is expected to maintain and be held accountable for the same high standards that Walt Disney founded his organization on. Disney provides quality entertainment for everyone. In order for visitors of the park to receive a memorable experience employees must undergo a vast amount of training. The Disney Company has created a culture in which their employees are valued as individuals and as part of a team. Disney believes you can have happy guests only if you have happy employees. (http://voices. yahoo. com/the-magic-disneys-organizational-behavior-concepts-550698. html). This is one example of organizational culture. Communication within an organization is the key to making any company successful. Disney believes that if the work environment is comfortable mployees will feel free to share their thoughts and ideas, and speak their mind. This is turn can lead to generating creative ideas. Employee participation ensures that everyone is working toward achieving the same goal of providing quality service and a memorable experience to park visitors. It is plain to see that Disney demonstrates diversity and empowerment.

Violence Against Women Act :: essays research papers

The Violence Against Women Act creates a right to be "free from crimes of violence" that are gender motivated. It also gives a private civil right of action to the victims of these crimes. The Senate report attached to the act states that "Gender based crimes and fear of gender based crimes...reduces employment opportunities and consumer spending affecting interstate commerce." Sara Benenson has been abused by her husband, Andrew Benenson, since 1978. Because of this abuse, she sued her husband under various tort claims and violations under the Violence Against Women Act. Now Mr. Benenson is protesting the constitutionality of this act claiming that Congress has no right to pass a law that legislates for the common welfare. However, Congress has a clear Constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce. This act is based solely on interstate commerce and is therefore Constitutional. Because of abuse, Sara Benenson was afraid to get a job because it would anger her husband. She was afraid to go back to school and she was afraid to go shopping or spend any money on her own. All three of these things clearly interfere and affect interstate commerce. Women like Mrs. Benenson are the reason the act was passed. There has been a long history of judgements in favor of Congress's power to legislate using the commerce clause as a justification. For the past fifty years, Congress's right to interpret the commerce clause has been unchallenged by the Court with few exceptions. There is no rational reason for this court to go against the powerful precedents set by the Supreme court to allow Congress to use the Commerce clause. In the case of Katzenbach v. McClung, the Court upheld an act of Congress which was based on the commerce clause, that prohibited segregation. McClung, the owner of a barbeque that would not allow blacks to eat inside the restaurant, claimed that his business was completely intrastate. He stated that his business had little or no out of state business and was therefore not subject to the act passed by Congress because it could not legislate intrastate commerce. The Court however, decided that because the restaurant received some of it's food from out of state that it was involved in interstate commerce. The same logic should be applied in this case. Even though Sara Benenson's inability to work might not seem to affect interstate commerce, it will in some way as with McClung, thus making the act constitutional. The Supreme Court had decided that any connection with interstate commerce,as long as it has a rational basis, makes it possible for Congress to legislate it.

Not All Homeless People Are Crazy Essay -- Are the Homeless Crazy?, 20

One of life’s truly rarest treasures is human unselfish charity. The greatest thing in the world is mutual understanding and the endless feeling of appreciation of having a Home. A place that every one of us has to have: where a happy, loving family could be born, where love, support and acceptance, no matter what, always are, and where kindness, warmness, understanding are sincere and never go away. I think those of us who have homes have to count ourselves exceedingly fortunate, because we are blessed. Home--the roof and the walls--protects us from outside pressure, and gives strength and desire to live, which is the important moral base of a psychologically healthy human being. But what about those who don’t have it? Those who we call Homeless? Unfortunately, there is always a dark cloud in a blue sky, and in â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy?† Jonathan Kozol questions the primary cause of homelessness in the United States. Are the homeless people really â€Å"pa ranoids of the street† and â€Å"among the most difficult to help?† When I read, â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy?† I was amazed how clearly and skillfully the writer shows the reality, the conditions, and causes of homelessness through presenting an impressive array of statistics and showing the numbers of homeless children. The author writes: â€Å"nearly half the homeless are small children whose average age is six,† and â€Å"since 1968 the number of children living in poverty has grown by 3 million† (463). He uses statistics to show the level of Federal support for low-income housing, which â€Å"dropped from $30 billion (1980) to 7.5 billion (1988),† the average of rents, the declining welfare benefits for families with children, the loss of traditional jobs in industry, â€Å"2 million every year since 198... ...the attempts of homeless people to overcome the misery and destitution must be heard and evaluated. People need the response from society on their unbearable and intolerable life conditions. Kozol makes very clear for everybody that nothing would be solved until everyone will be understood. Let’s just imagine what if we were in those people’s places, without a place to live, and in total destitution. Are we going to ask for help? I think people cannot be degraded to the level of crazy beasts; they don’t have to demean themselves and their families to ask and to accept official charity. I strongly believe that they can desperately implore for Dei gratia but not for society to deign to help. It isn’t too much to desire to have a Home. And it is not a crime to have it. Works Cited Kozol, Jonathan. â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy.† Yale Review, 1988.

Extreme Nationalism

Extreme Nationalism. Objective The objective of my essay is to let you know what were the main causes of World War 2, focusing in extreme nationalism and letting you know my opinion about it. Introduction The Second World War was a global conflict that resulted in more deaths than any other war. It started in 1939 and concluded in 1945. A lot of World Nations were involved including the Great Powers. There are several causes that led to the Second World War; here I mention the main ones: * A worldwide depression. derived from the Great Depression, the world was suffering of extreme inflation, high prices and very low wages. People suffered despair and had no hope for the future and unemployment was very high. * Problems left from The First World War. – The German people were very unhappy about the treaty and thought that it was too sever to them. Germany could not afford to pay the money and during the 1920s the people in Germany were very poor because there were not many jobs and the price of food and basic goods was high.People were dissatisfied with the government and voted to power a man, Adolf Hitler, who promised to rip up the Treaty of Versailles. * The rise of Dictators. – Nations like Germany, Italy, and Japan came under the rule of dictators or military leaders. A dictator named Mussolini took power in Italy in 1922. Military leaders took control of Japan in the early 1930s. In Germany, Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, gained power in 1933. These leaders promised to restore their countries. Hitler began to arm Germany for war. Japan invaded China.Mussolini sent Italian troops to conquer Ethiopia, in Africa. And the League of Nations failed or did nothing to stop them. * Ideologies. – Some ideologies doctrines and philosophies like totalitariansm, fascism, imperialism, militarism, racism and extreme nationalism affected too. The one I’m focusing is: extreme nationalism. Extreme Nationalism. Many countries were left ou t of the Treaty of Versailles or didn’t receive a large enough piece of the Treaty pie. This led to self interest within countries to prove their power and ability to rules as top leaders.One of the most common examples was The German Workers party, more commonly known as the Nazis. They grew and expanded from one single catalytic seed into a blooming party. Nationalism was in the minds of Germans after the end World War 1, budding and taking nutriment from the steely resentment that covered German opinions. It was from the common ground of extreme nationalism that the Nazis were able to build their empire. The party started out as the Free Committee for a German Workers’ Peace in 1918.The party was built under opposition of the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitic, anti-Monarchist, anti-Marxist opinions and the solid belief that German nationalists were a superior race. It demanded that people should be absolutely loyal to the nation and support its foreign expansion. I t emphasized national glory. It was from the basis of extreme nationalism that the Nazis were able to be a factor in the causes of WWII. Nationalism is defined as: 1. Devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation. 2.The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals. 3. Aspirations for national independence in a country under foreign domination. Personal Opinion. About nationalism I think everywhere you look; you can find tiny hints of nationalism somewhere. Personally I think that nationalism is opinionated. And in my opinion I think that nationalism can create false enemies and starts riots in many areas of the world. A negative effect to me, are people who take nationalism to the extreme.Some of these extremists protest against churches of different religions just because of their beliefs. For example, Hitler singled out every Jew just because they weren’t Christian. Some neo- Nazi groups today believe in â€Å"white power. † They protest against all the time, and it disrupts the peace in some places and creates large disputes in many areas. Aide Thamara Mendoza 50L Another extreme effect of nationalism, are the people who literally kill just because of what they believe in. For example, Iraqi nationals yelled â€Å"ALLAH!!! right before they set off a suicide bomb on American soldier. Also, some even sneak onto planes with bombs and timers strapped to their chests knowing that they’re killing many people for their beliefs. I think that their theory is bizarre and unnecessary. These methods create large confrontation between countries, which is obviously bad. I mean, I find nothing wrong in having a slight nationalistic feeling that doesn’t hurt anyone just because your lack of tolerance doesn’t let you assimilate that they are different than you and there’s nothing wrong with it.

Bottom of the pyramid Essay Example

Bottom of the pyramid Essay Example Bottom of the pyramid Essay Bottom of the pyramid Essay An evaluation of the merits of targeting customers at the bottom of the pyramid. In what sectors and in which ways, if any, do the considerations raised by this approach alter the strategies of multinational corporations selling into emerging markets? Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva May 2007 Maja Regg International Business Second Assignment The income pyramid in emerging markets can be divided in four segments: From top down, it contains the global, the glocal, the local segments and the bottom of the pyramid (BOP). According to an approach first introduced by C. K. Prahalad, the BOP is an untapped market. He maintains that multinational corporations (MNCs) which sell to the poor will not only gain huge profits, but also alleviate poverty. l In this paper, I will evaluate the merits of the BOP approach from a business perspective by focusing on the strategic implications for a MNC willing to sell to the BOP. Taking the example of India, I will first define the market at the BOP in terms of size and characteristics. Then, I will discuss three dimensions in which the BOP approach alters the corporate strategies of MNCs, namely the collaboration with nontraditional artners, the efforts for custom solutions and the creation of a local base of support. After each dimension, I will evaluate the success of such a strategy for MNCs active in the sectors of basic sanitary products and prostheses. Finally, I will compare the prospect of profits for MNCs with those of local firms. Prahalad is not very consistent when defining the upper limit of the BOP. Yet the mostly used fgure is a dividing rule of 1500$ income per year. In the case of India, however, this definition is inadequate, as it would include 94% of the whole population. 2 Instead, I propose to adopt Aneel Karnanis delimitation line of 2$ ncome per day. 3 Measured this way, the bottom of the pyramid contains 87. 5% of the rural and 61. 5% of the urban population, or roughly three quarters of the total population. 4 This definition has the two following implications. Firstly, in terms of market size, the BOP in India is still very large, containing 750 million people. Secondly, in terms of purchasing power, the market is very limited due to the small disposable income of the customers. Therefore, the fortune at the BOP might be smaller than suggested by Prahalad and his associates. consumption that people at the BOP present. About a quarter of them earn less than 1 $ per day, living in extreme poverty. According to Karnani and Sachs, they cannot meet the basic needs for survival such as nutrition, health care, safe drinking water, sanitation, education for children, adequate shelter and clothing. The remaining moderate poor, earning 1$-2$ per day, can Prahalad C. K. and Hart S. , The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, 2002; Prahalad C. K. and Hammond A. , Serving the Worlds Poor, Profitably, 2002; Hammond A. and Prahalad C. K. , Selling to the Poor, 2004. 2 World Bank figures from 2004, Povcal Net http://iresearch. orldbank. org/PovcalNet/ jsp/index. Jsp 3 Karnani A. , Mirage at the bottom of the pyramid, August 2006 4 World Bank, op. cit. -2- meet their basic needs, but Just barely. 5 According to the Indian government, poor people spend 60-65% of their income solely on food. On miscellaneous services between 15-19% of the income are spent. This means that on products from such sectors as health, entertainment and communications, people at the BOP can spend between O and 0. 38$ per day. I agree with Karnani that such a small disposable income does not allow these people to buy luxury products. In India, the consumers t the BOP are likely to buy only very cheap and much needed products. This conclusion is in tension with Prahalads opinion. He maintains that every product even luxury ones can be sold in large quantities as long as the MNCs adapt their strategies to the BOP market. The advices he gives concerning these altered strategies will be introduced in the following. Based on a framework elaborated by London and Hart7, I will classify these strategic advices in three dimensions: The collaboration with non-traditional partners, the elaboration of a custom solution and the creation of a local base of support. I will test each of these dimensions of corporate strategy with two MNCs belonging to different sectors and willing to sell their products to the Indian BOP. The first sector concerns basic sanitary products. Specifically, I will refer to a MNC selling soaps, such as the example of Hindustan Lever Ltd. 8, often cited by Prahalad. The second sectors concerns prostheses. The a MNC disposed to start a comparable venture selling lower limb prostheses to the poor. The first strategic dimension refers to the collaboration with non-traditional partners, which should be part of the non-market strategy of the MNCs. According to Prahalad, in order for a MNC to be successful, its venture must not adopt a Western corporate strategy. It has to get the deepest possible insight in the business environment at the BOP. This is done best by collaborating with non-traditional partners such as NGOs and local firms, which know the characteristics of the BOP very well. 0 Nevertheless, especially organisations with a strong social mission are likely to be sceptical to deal with MNCs. Therefore, the MNCs will have to show the social value of their ventures. Furthermore, MNCs might have to get used to very different working styles of their ew partners. 5 Karnani A. , op. cit. ; Sachs D. , The end of poverty, March 2005 Karnani A. , op. cit. 7 London T. and Hart S. , Reinve nting strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model, 2004 8 Michigan Business School, student case study: Selling Health: Hindustan Lever Ltd. nd the Soap Market 9 Michigan Business School, student case study: Jaipur Foot: Challenging Convention 10 London T. and Hart S. , op. cit. 6 -3- Both the MNC selling soaps as well as the one selling prostheses could undertake various efforts to establish such partnerships. In order to get used to different working styles, they could send some of their executives to live several months in Indias rural areas. Furthermore, the MNCs could win the goodwill of the organisations by launching campaigns emphasizing their products added-value in terms of improvement of hygiene and living conditions. One has to keep in mind, though, that the efforts made in this first strategic dimension imply significant costs for the MNCs. solutions. These advices concern the market strategy and advance two aspects, which MNCs have to consider: The price of the product and the business model. As we have seen above, due to the extremely low income of Indians at the BOP, a very low price is essential. MNCs normally use economies of scale to reduce their production costs and consequently their selling price. As an additional way to lower the price, Prahalad further suggests to sell products as cheap single serves. Karnani, on the contrary, maintains that the only way to reduce costs is by reducing quality. 11 What are the implications for the two MNCs considered here? For the MNC selling soap, the strategy advices work out: As the product is very basic, it can be sold across several regions without much customisation. Therefore, the MNC can use economies of scale to produce cheap soaps. They can also offer single serves of soap and sell them very cheaply. Finally, even if they have to reduce quality in order to keep the price very low, the people at the BOP will still consume the product in large quantities. The situation for the MNC selling prostheses is very different: It can only rely on economies of scale to a very low degree as its product has to be highly customised. Furthermore, there is no such thing as a single serve of prosthesis. And finally, the product is something poor people will have to save for during a long time eriod. 12 Therefore, they will have higher expectancies concerning the quality of the prostheses. 13 For all these reasons, I conclude that the first aspect of a custom solution, the low price, is easier to obtain in the case of soaps than in the case of prostheses. 1 Karnani, op. cit. As a reference, Jaipur Foot sells its prostheses at the price of 30$. According to the consumption patterns mentioned above, a person at the BOP would have to save all his income designated to miscellaneous services during 2. 5 to 6 months. (Michigan Business School, student case study: Jaipur Foot: Challenging Convention) 13 The example of the Jaipur Foot shows that lower limb pr ostheses must be adapted to the specific needs of the rural, agricultural population. To attain a sufficiently functional product, a high quality both in terms of material and design is necessary. Michigan Business School, student case study: Jaipur Foot: Challenging Convention) 12 -4- The second aspect of co-inventing custom solutions is the business model. In India, a out into vast rural areas, which are not well accessible because of lack of infrastructure. Nevertheless, in order to sell in very large quantities, the distribution has to reach a national coverage. Additionally, as Karnani suggests, the cost of delivery is further increased by the small size of each transaction. 14 In order to overcome these challenges, London and Hart suggest that the business model should involve multiple distributors. This participatory approach has the merit to reach out to rural areas and to raise the income of the distributors. 1 5 For the MNC selling soaps, such a participatory approach involving multiple distributors makes sense. It could try to sell the soaps in village shops or through local entrepreneurs, as shown by the HLLs business model for the Annapurna salt, engaging local women ntrepreneurs, so-called Shaktis. 16 The soaps can therefore be made accessible in Indias poor rural areas. Combined with the facts that the product covers a basic need and is cheap, as seen above, a lot of people at the BOP will buy the soaps. In the case of the MNC selling prostheses, the participatory approach of distribution is not practicable. The fitting of lower limb prostheses requires very specific skills, which are not likely to be found in a sufficient number of villages. Consequently, as the product is not accessible easily, poor people would have to travel, which means additional costs for them. Having seen their extremely low income, it is therefore not probable, that this MNC will sell a high enough quantity of prostheses. In conclusion, the MNC selling soaps is more able to adopt a business model adjusted to the BOP than the MNC selling prostheses. Finally, I come to the third dimension of strategic implications proposed by Prahalad and his associates. It refers to the non-market strategy of building a local base of support. As India is trying to promote its own MNCs, it is less receptive for foreign firms coming in. The Western MNCs therefore have to invest in alliances and raise oodwill among local authorities. A MNC which wants to leverage the size of the Indian BOP market has to be present in many Indian states. This increases the number of authorities at state-level which have to be dealt with. Such an extended non-market strategy again raises the cost of the venture. This is the case for both the MNC selling soaps as well as the one selling prostheses. 14 London and Hart, op. cit. 16 Michigan Business School, student case study: Annapurna Salt: Public Health and Private Enterprise 15 -5_ To conclude the analysis of the strategic implications of Prahalads approach, I would ike to point out that altering the corporate strategy in order to sell to the poor does not work out for every MNC. Both the MNC selling soap and the one selling prostheses will have to face increased costs in their non-market strategy, particularly in order to establish partnerships and build a local base of support. However, in the case of the soap, the very low price and farreaching distribution allows for large volume sales. Therefore, the profits made through the market strategy can outweigh the costs caused by the adaption to the non-market environment. This is not the case or the prostheses venture: As the price cannot be reduced enough and accessibility is difficult, the product cannot be sold in a large enough quantity as to outweigh the costs of the venture. When analysing these corporate strategies in a Ghemawatl 7 framework, we can see that the MNC selling soap adopts a strategy focusing primarily on aggregation and arbitrage and a little bit on adaption. Contrariwise, the MNC selling prostheses has to emphasize on adaption and arbitrage, while not being able to reduce costs through aggregation, that is, economies of scale. According to Khanna and Palepu18, local irms in emerging markets face less adaption costs: They know the local market structure better, they tend to overcome distribution challenges more easily and they do not have to deal with institutional obstacles. Therefore, particularly the MNCs willing to sell products to the BOP which need a lot of adaption, will have to face the additional challenge of rivalry by local firms. I conclude by stating that the BOP approach is profitable only for MNCs in certain sectors. In order for a MNC to be successful in the BOP market, it has to sell a product which corresponds to the basic needs of poor people, which can be sold at a ery low price, does not have to be of high quality and can be made very accessible. Contrariwise, MNCs selling products which need a lot of adaption, are more expensive and less accessible do not have good prospects for gaining profits at the BOP. Furthermore, as local firms are better placed to sell products with a high degree of adaption, these latter MNCs will additionally face the threat of competition. Therefore, I maintain that whether or not a fortune can be made at the BOP depends very much on the type of product the MNC offers to the poor. 17 Ideas taken from: Ghemawat P. The Forgotten Strategy, 2003 Tarun Khanna and Krishna G. Palepu. Emerging Giants: Building World-Class Competitors in Developing countries, 2006 18 -6- Bibliography Articles Ghemawat P. , The Forgotten Strategy, Harvard Business Review, 2003 Hammond A. and Prahalad C. K. , Selling to the Poor, Foreign Policy, May/June 2004 London T. and Hart S. , Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model, Journal of International Business Studies, 2004 Karnani A. , Mirage at the bottom of the pyramid, William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 835, August 2006 Prahalad C. K. and Hart S. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Strategy and Competition, Issue 26, 2002 Prahalad C. K. and Hammond A. , Serving the Worlds Poor, Profitably, Harvard Business Review, September 2002 Sachs D. , The end of poverty, Time Magazine, March 2005 Tarun Khanna and Countries. Harvard Business Review. October 2006 Websites Michigan Business School, student case studies, bus. umich. edu/FacultyResearch/ResearchCenters/ProgramsPartnersh ips/ ITChampions/default. htm World Bank fgures from 2004, Povcal Net http://iresearch. worldbank. org/PovcalNet/Jsp/index. Jsp

Free Essays on TV And KIDS

Recent studies from all around the world have proved that Television has an effect on people as individuals and as a whole. We have coined the phrase â€Å"couch potato† for people who sit around watching TV all the time. There has been numerous studies on people of all ages from toddlers to senior citizens on what effects television has on the human psyche. No one can say and believe that television has no effects on society. It is argued constantly whether television reflects society or society reflects what they see on television. TV has become a major part of every American home. Many other developed countries are just the same. Society is what is on television. It is real people acting like another real person writes them to act. Society is making TV so in my opinion neither society or TV actually â€Å"reflect† one another, but they blend into pure entertainment. One way or the other, people and society as a whole are affected by television in many ways. Many People like to argue that television is horrible and that it ruins kids minds. There is good evidence to support this view also. Robert DuRant is one of the many people that believe what children are exposed to teaches them how they are supposed to act. He has studied how exposure to violence in the media results in fighting, carrying a weapon, and an intention to use violence. In a study done in 1999 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, it was shown that American children watch an average of three to four hours of television a day. (American 1) The most suprising results of DuRant’s studies were that girls were more affected than boys were. Kids who had already seen violence on television were more likely to imitate what they saw and were more likely to be violent in school. Often children who see violence on the television cannot differentiate what is reality and what is television. This can mean big trouble for the child and the people who may ... Free Essays on TV And KIDS Free Essays on TV And KIDS Recent studies from all around the world have proved that Television has an effect on people as individuals and as a whole. We have coined the phrase â€Å"couch potato† for people who sit around watching TV all the time. There has been numerous studies on people of all ages from toddlers to senior citizens on what effects television has on the human psyche. No one can say and believe that television has no effects on society. It is argued constantly whether television reflects society or society reflects what they see on television. TV has become a major part of every American home. Many other developed countries are just the same. Society is what is on television. It is real people acting like another real person writes them to act. Society is making TV so in my opinion neither society or TV actually â€Å"reflect† one another, but they blend into pure entertainment. One way or the other, people and society as a whole are affected by television in many ways. Many People like to argue that television is horrible and that it ruins kids minds. There is good evidence to support this view also. Robert DuRant is one of the many people that believe what children are exposed to teaches them how they are supposed to act. He has studied how exposure to violence in the media results in fighting, carrying a weapon, and an intention to use violence. In a study done in 1999 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, it was shown that American children watch an average of three to four hours of television a day. (American 1) The most suprising results of DuRant’s studies were that girls were more affected than boys were. Kids who had already seen violence on television were more likely to imitate what they saw and were more likely to be violent in school. Often children who see violence on the television cannot differentiate what is reality and what is television. This can mean big trouble for the child and the people who may ...

Free Essays on Charles Dickens Hard Times

Charles Dicken’s Hard Times Hard Times by Charles Dickens is an unappealing book by both title and author name. However, upon opening it one is transferred to a world gone by. Hard times is an exuberant dramatization of life in England during the 1800’s. His characters and the personalities that they exhibit are found throughout the world and at many different times. Life is filled with vagrant people. It is also filled with heartfelt people and people who can hardly wait to stab one in the back before one’s back is turned. There are kind, mean, self-centered, and righteous people. The list could go on and on. There are typical people and those of whom, under the surface, are atypical. Beneath the surface are people who may have been run ragged, loved dearly, or fed fun fact after fact. There are many people who succumbed to the world around them and have been forced to adjust to the lives that they were given. This is the case with Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe, two characters in the aforementioned book. Although Louisa and Sissy were presented as two different and distinct characters, they had much in common. As one reads Hard Times one can see the differences between Sissy and Louisa. Sissy who was, Extremely deficient in your [her] facts. Your [her] acquaintance with figures is very limited... You [she] are an affectionate, earnest, good young woman-and-we must make that do. (pp. 85-6) And then Louisa who was described, â€Å" The lady is quite a philosopher... Her father gives her such a portentously hard-headed reputation...† (p. 114). These two girls were completely different characters in the book. It was transparent that, though they were so different, they both starved for the attention and the love of their fathers. Both girls were seeking the approval of that one man who was held dearest to each of their hearts. It was through the want of love that both Louisa’s and... Free Essays on Charles Dicken's Hard Times Free Essays on Charles Dicken's Hard Times Charles Dicken’s Hard Times Hard Times by Charles Dickens is an unappealing book by both title and author name. However, upon opening it one is transferred to a world gone by. Hard times is an exuberant dramatization of life in England during the 1800’s. His characters and the personalities that they exhibit are found throughout the world and at many different times. Life is filled with vagrant people. It is also filled with heartfelt people and people who can hardly wait to stab one in the back before one’s back is turned. There are kind, mean, self-centered, and righteous people. The list could go on and on. There are typical people and those of whom, under the surface, are atypical. Beneath the surface are people who may have been run ragged, loved dearly, or fed fun fact after fact. There are many people who succumbed to the world around them and have been forced to adjust to the lives that they were given. This is the case with Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe, two characters in the aforementioned book. Although Louisa and Sissy were presented as two different and distinct characters, they had much in common. As one reads Hard Times one can see the differences between Sissy and Louisa. Sissy who was, Extremely deficient in your [her] facts. Your [her] acquaintance with figures is very limited... You [she] are an affectionate, earnest, good young woman-and-we must make that do. (pp. 85-6) And then Louisa who was described, â€Å" The lady is quite a philosopher... Her father gives her such a portentously hard-headed reputation...† (p. 114). These two girls were completely different characters in the book. It was transparent that, though they were so different, they both starved for the attention and the love of their fathers. Both girls were seeking the approval of that one man who was held dearest to each of their hearts. It was through the want of love that both Louisa’s and...

Journal assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal - Assignment Example From a personal experience, you are connected with other people whom you share the same profession when you join this organization. You learn and share experiences with people who understand you because you work in a similar environment. I have been a member of Nevada Nurses Association; hence, I have been able to enjoy this great opportunity. Becoming a full member of American Nurses Association is equally important and beneficial to me as a nurse. This is because I regularly receive journals every month on any emerging issue or trend in my profession. This information is very resourceful when it comes to making important decision and moves in my profession. I have also been able to network with other members in this organization. This has enabled me to form and maintain long lasting relationship with other nurses in this movement. Hence, joining this association has been of importance to my profession (McQuilkin, 2005). Every practicing nurse should be a member of a professional organization in order to enjoy the benefits as stated above. It will also help them protect and champion for their rights in the course of duty. Hence, through this association, I will ensure that all nurses are registered members in order to network and connect with each of them. Further, nurses have an obligation to be advocates politically. For example, Nevada has a good name because of its impact in championing for the rights of nurses in US. These political activities enable the association to establish powerful relationships, which can be used to prevent or change any issue that is affecting well being of nurses. As a political organization whom members are nurses, it has been able to protect the rights and welfare of nurses. I believe that nurses have an obligation to be political advocates. This is because they will be able to influence and act on issues that affect them in the line of their duty. For example, it could increase in

Continuation of Design principles 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Continuation of Design principles 3 - Essay Example The detailed architectural model is used to achieve the level of security in the system, the performance of the system as well as the effectiveness and efficiency (Coulouris, Dooimore, and Kindberg, 2001). There are three (3) forms of the system architecture include: the client based, server based and the client-server architecture. As the proposed system for ‘Electronic Credit Checking and Mortgage Approval’ is online, therefore, I have chosen the client server architecture. The client-server architecture for the proposed system that presents the client has to place a request to the web server by utilizing the web browser (Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, etc.). The web browser takes the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request, Files Transfer Protocol (FTP), data, etc. to the web server of the Mortgage Company; the web server would interact with the database server for the relevant information. The database server would send a SQL query to the database and the database returns the information against the query. The database server would reply to the web server with the information received from the database. The web server would display the information on the web browser of the client. The web application would be deployed on the web server or application server; the database server would contain the database as shown in the following diagram (Kambalyal, n.d). The system architecture that has been used for deploying the web application is 3-tier architecture that provides higher flexibility; high security can be implemented at each level of the service, and high performance due to sharing of tasks between servers, moreover, it can be extended (scalable) with the requirements of the Mortgage Company (Kioskea, 2012). The client has to use the web browser to access the web application over the internet, in order to provide security the client’s request has to be passed through the firewall deployed

Malaria case management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Malaria case management - Essay Example Eradicating malaria in the world is one of the top priorities of global health organisations and is a key objective of attaining universal health related targets stipulated in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (United Nations 2010). Consequently, both developed and developing countries have reinvigorated efforts to combat the disease that has remained a serious threat to health and wellbeing of people across the world for a long period. Currently, policies to control and prevent malaria infections form an important component of public health systems and primary care services play a pivotal role in their implementation. Some of malaria control and preventive measures include application of insecticide treated bed nets to prevent human contact with mosquitoes, indoor residual spraying with efficient insecticide and eradicating mosquito breeding habitats (Mathews 2011). Other measures include use of anti malarial drugs to treat the infection in all segments of affected population, including pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients in addition to maintaining sustained malarial surveillance across the world (Mathews 2011). These policies have enhanced management and treatment of malaria in primary care service. However, before investigating impacts of government policies in management and treatment of the condition in primary care, it is important to explore the symptoms and causes of malaria and how they inform nursing practice. Causes and symptoms of malaria Malaria is a vector borne disease transmitted by female anopheles mosquito. The causative malarial parasite is a protozoan of genus plasmodium (MacDonald 1997). There are five major species of malarial parasites responsible for transmission of malaria. They include Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium knowlesi. However, plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum are the most important causes of malaria infection in the world (MacDonald 1997). The initi al symptoms of malaria infection are not specific and demonstrate remarkable resemblance to signs of a minor systemic viral disease (WHO 2009). The symptoms include fatigue, headache, fatigue and lassitude, normally followed by abdominal, muscle and joint pains. These symptoms are accompanied by fever, anorexia, chills, profuse sweating and vomiting. These signs are the major defining characteristics of malaria infection at the early stage (WHO 2009). People in regions where malaria is endemic are usually knowledgeable about these symptoms and consequently, incidences of self diagnosis are prevalent. Achan et al (2011) noted high incidents of malarial over diagnosis in primary care services especially in malaria endemic regions based on the demonstrated symptoms. According to Brieger (2009), the severity of malarial symptoms varies depending on the type of parasite involved. Infection by plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale demonstrates more pronounced symptoms of fever and chills than other malarial species. However, fatality rate at early malaria infection is rare but it increases when treatment is delayed and on prescription of ineffective drugs (Brieger 2009; WHO 2009). Delaying treatment of

Romanticism poet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Romanticism poet - Essay Example We might perceive Shelley himself as a bird, constantly on the go, flying, searching for something he could not find at home, looking for his home away from home. His death at the age of twenty nine, drowning during a storm off the Italian coast, also presents his life as that of a bird’s, fleeting yet filled with flight to the heavens themselves, in search of sensuous aestheticism and explorations of intense passions. One of his most famous poems, To a Skylark, speaks exactly of this. The skylark is his greatest natural metaphor for pure poetic expression. The speaker says that no one knows what the skylark is, for it is unique. It is in heavenly harmony with Nature, and its song surpasses everything man made on earth. It is motivated by the joy of that uncomplicated purity of being, it sings unburdened with melancholy or worry. This is what he wants to show to the world: a music unparalleled, in which joy flows like a river of happiness from a â€Å"spirit† of nature, the skylark. He wants us humans to be more like the carefree skylark. Because, the human condition of happiness is always bittersweet. It is always tainted with memories and worrying about the future.

Dis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dis - Assignment Example The Act was originally passed in 1933 as a means to allow the federal government to provide much needed assistance to farmers in the form of payments to them in exchange for certain agreements that would have them lint their acreage or production in the areas of wheat, cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, hogs, and numerous dairy products. The payments themselves were to be financed on taxes that would be imposed on processors. It was those taxes that were collected that would then be sent directly to the farmers in exchange for their promise not to grow any more food. One major processor, Butler, refused to pay the tax on the grounds that is was seen as a way of transferring wealth from one person to another. The Supreme Court eventually sided with Butler, making the Act unconstitutional. Congress immediately set to work, however, on drafting a new Agricultural Adjustment Act in 1934. This one taxed processors, but then placed the money into the general fund of the federal government. The f amers were then simply paid out of the general fund, again, not to grow food. The Act was legal and was not challenge, exemplifying Roosevelts perseverance in getting provisions of the New Deal passed and declared

Romanticism poet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Romanticism poet - Essay Example We might perceive Shelley himself as a bird, constantly on the go, flying, searching for something he could not find at home, looking for his home away from home. His death at the age of twenty nine, drowning during a storm off the Italian coast, also presents his life as that of a bird’s, fleeting yet filled with flight to the heavens themselves, in search of sensuous aestheticism and explorations of intense passions. One of his most famous poems, To a Skylark, speaks exactly of this. The skylark is his greatest natural metaphor for pure poetic expression. The speaker says that no one knows what the skylark is, for it is unique. It is in heavenly harmony with Nature, and its song surpasses everything man made on earth. It is motivated by the joy of that uncomplicated purity of being, it sings unburdened with melancholy or worry. This is what he wants to show to the world: a music unparalleled, in which joy flows like a river of happiness from a â€Å"spirit† of nature, the skylark. He wants us humans to be more like the carefree skylark. Because, the human condition of happiness is always bittersweet. It is always tainted with memories and worrying about the future.

The Reason Why Public Service Matters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Reason Why Public Service Matters - Essay Example Public service benefits society as a whole because everyone gains something out of it. Typically, the people performing public service are on the upper end of the rich scale, while those receiving the services are on the lower end. This does not mean they poorer people do not deserve public service being performed for them—after all, they pay their taxes just like everyone else. In every free and fair society, there are certain conditions that every person needs to live by. Public service can benefit society because the public’s interest is at heart. Public service also matters because it helps those who perform it to feel uplifted. There is no greater feeling that volunteering your time and doing something for someone else for no particular reason. Most likely, the person on the receiving end will feel very grateful for what has been done for them, and the public service doer feels rewarded for their efforts. If people who are performing public service feel appreciated for the work that they are doing, then they will likely help the community again in the future. If everyone participates in public service, then not too much is required of any one individual. Lastly, public service matters because it can really change another person’s life. Very often public service is performed for those who are in need. Even though the task performed for them may not seem like much, it may make a world of difference in the life of the person receiving it. If that person is feeling negative towards the rest of society, then they may rediscover the belief in mankind. This positivity can be applied in other areas of their life and the person can make significant changes. Above all, the person who is receiving the public service may feel compelled to help out someone else in need someday.

Classical Approaches to Management Essay Example for Free

Classical Approaches to Management Essay Since the Industrial Revolution began over two hundred years ago, management practices have had to develop and become more clearly defined. The increasing mechanisation and automation that occurred changed how goods and services were produced dramatically. New theories and disciplines emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century as a response to these challenges facing management in a more industrialised age. These new ideas, known as The Classical Approaches to management became the essential building blocks of systems and techniques which help modern day managers effectively plan, organise and control their organisations in the most efficient manner possible. One of the first theories we will look at is was what is known as Scientific Management and was developed chiefly by Frederick Taylor (1856-1917). Taylor came from an engineering background and he highlighted the importance of finding the single best way to perform a particular task. He noted that by analysing every basic movement involved and timing each action in various different ways, you would soon find the quickest and easiest method as a result. As R.C.Appelby (1994) has argued; Taylor â€Å"codified and clearly stated practices which had been developing in many well-run factories†. This â€Å"Time study† approach was very important in helping manufacturing lines improve their productivity by cutting out inefficient, outdated methods of production. Currently, manufacturing industries incorporate methods engineering systems which developed from Taylors time study work to ensure the most efficient production process is in place. Total Quality Management is a modern management practice that relies on continually improving a company’s product or service. A Key factor in this is having a production process that works efficiently and reliably. Taylor also developed the â€Å"Exception Principle† which was to be used as a quality control measure on performance. This method works by detailing precisely the standard of performance to be achieved. The performance of all staff is monitored regularly. Any ineffective staff members that do not meet the standard set are taken note of, and adjustments can then be made to improve the quality of their work. The exception principle also works by identifying any employee who is greatly outperforming the standard set. This tracking of performance results also forms part of the Total Quality Management concept and Taylors work in this area can be seen as being significant in its development. Another key aspect of Taylor’s teachings,  which is still widely used in human resources departments today, was the scientific selection of staff. He asserted that employees should be recruited scientifically based on how their own education, skills and abilities matched the requirements of the job. Once the correct candidate had been hired, they should be given training to help them to perform their tasks to the highest standard possible. He recommended that any increased productivity from an employee should be rewarded financially too, thus incentivising the employee to work harder. These managerial practices are used in nearly all organisations where it has been recognised that an organisations workforce are its most important resource. The training and constant up skilling of the workforce is necessary to keep up with advances in technology and to give a company a competitive edge. Henri Fayol (1841-1925) also developed some theories on the importance of maintaining good relations between staff and management. In his work on what is known as Administrative management, Fayol developed 14 principles of management, one of whic h was â€Å"the stability of tenure â€Å". He recognised the importance of a low staff turnover to an organisations overall effectiveness. Modern management practice generally follows this principle today but also recognises the need to bring in fresh ideas and approaches from new staff to keep the right balance of experienced workers and enthusiastic new people. Another of Fayol s principles which is greatly in evidence today is that of â€Å"initiative†. He believed that employees should be encouraged to put forward their own ideas and be free to execute their tasks in ways they see best fit. This fosters an entrepreneurial environment in the workplace, where employees feel that their ideas are worthy and could form part of a new business plan. Modern IT companies like Google are using this classical approach which has greatly improved innovation and productivity from their employees which has resulted in huge success for the company. Interestingly, Google achieved number 4 on the prestigious Fortune 100 Best Compani es To Work For in 2011. H.L. Gantt(1861-1919) was a colleague of Taylor had some similar approaches. He agreed that management were obliged to provide proper training to its staff and that clearly defined tasks and goals would incentivise employees to perform well. Gantt developed charts for measuring the performance of various projects. These are known as Gantt Charts and are still used today by managers. It gives a quick overview as to how a project  is progressing in relation to its agreed timescale and general targets. A P.E.R.T analysis is another project control method which developed from Gantts bar chart. This Project Evaluation Review Technique works in a similar way to a bar chart, but it offers three possible outcomes of how each task will take in a given project, so as to be prepared for delays in the project or quicker than expected results. This method gives the manager more information to enable him to prepare for all eventualities. Human Resource management has developed into one of the more important areas of management practice. Employees are now regarded as an organisations key asset. R.C.Appleby has said managers must â€Å"know why employees act in the manner that they do†. This is necessary to know what motivates people and what changes could improve performance among a workforce. The Hawthorne Experiments that were conducted by Elton Mayo(1880-1949) and published in 1941 showed the results of phsychological experiments on workers at the Western Electric Company. The aim of the study was to establish the impact of different conditions of work on employee productivity. A group of workers were subjected to various working environment changes such as breaks, hours and managerial leadership.

Atraumatic Restorative Treatment for Dental Caries

Atraumatic Restorative Treatment for Dental Caries Atraumatic restorative treatment for the management of dental caries: A Review Abstract: Atraumatic restorative treatment is a method of minimal caries intervention that uses only hand instruments. Over the past few years, there has been an increase in the number of studies reporting on various aspects of the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment and it is over three decades ART has been introduced, so this was considered an appropriate time for a systematic review on ART. Objective of this review article was to assess the effectiveness of ART in management of dental caries. All randomized or quasi-randomized control trials on ART were included. Intervention with adhesive restorative material such as GIC with different viscosity was evaluated. Primary outcomes measures such as pain relief, patient discomfort, anxiety and durability of restoration was assessed. Studies showed survival rates ranging from 66% to 76% at 6 year for single surface restorations ART approach provided higher survival percentages for single surface restorations and it causes less pain and dis comfort. Key words: Atraumatic restorative treatment, Survival, Deciduous teeth, Permanent teeth Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent oral diseases of public health concern. It affects almost all individuals irrespective of age, sex, occupation, religion, castes etc in developed as well as developing countries. It varies greatly among countries, even within a country and from region to region and there are several reasons for this problem like changes in food habits, poverty, lack of facilities especially to underprivileged section of the society, etc. WHO objective of â€Å"Health for All† still remains a dream, particularly in the underprivileged population of the world. Also, there has been a radical change in the methods of treatment of dental disease. We have seen a change in approach of treatment by the dentist, starting with extraction, then conservation of tooth structure and now stress is being laid on preventive dentistry. But the underprivileged population have not benefited from these developments that have brought about improved oral health in the indus trialized world. Realizing the magnitude of this problem, particularly lack of oral health care in below poverty line segment of society, JE Frencken embarked on simplistic approach of removing caries with hand instruments and filling up the ‘cavity’. This approach is termed as Atraumatic Restorative Treatment.[1] ART was first discovered in Tanzania in mid 1980s to suit the needs of the developing countries by JE Frencken Later, in Zimbabwe, the experiment was repeated by his team in larger school population group. WHO endorsed the ART procedure for the underprivileged population on world health day in April 7, 1994.[2] The idea of ART is strongly supported by the modern scientific approach to controlling caries maximal prevention, minimal invasiveness and minimal cavity preparation.[3] Different studies have been investigating the various aspects of ART approach in the past and still continue to increase. Most of the studies have investigated the survival of ART restoration and sealants. As ART approach is being utilized all over the world since more than 25 years, there is a need to carry out a systematic investigation about the survival and effectiveness of ART restorations. So the present systematic review focuses on the effectiveness of ART in management of dental caries in deciduous and permanent teeth. Materials and Methods We attempted to identify all relevant studies. Detailed search strategies were developed for each database to be searched and it was carried out in the Medline, Embase, Hinari, k-hub. All randomized controlled trials or quasi-randomized controlled trials were included. Non-randomized controlled trials were excluded. Studies with Dentate participants, regardless of the age and sex, with a history of dental (coronal) caries who have undergone restorative treatment using either conventional restorative or ART approaches were included. Studies in which evaluators were calibrated and independent, Survival result more than 1 year were included. Interventions were adhesive restorative materials, such as GICs with different viscosities, placed with the ’true’ Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) approach, including Interim therapeutic restoration (ITR) with hand instruments, compared with different restorative materials, such as amalgam, placed with conventional cavity prepar ation methods. Studies on modified ART approaches, Survival results Selection of Studies All records identified by the searches printed off and checked on the basis of title first, then by abstract or keywords or both. Records that obviously irrelevant were discarded and the full text of all remaining records were obtained. The full reports obtained from all the electronic and other methods of searching assessed independently by two review authors to establish whether the studies meet the inclusion criteria or not, using an inclusion criteria form, which previously prepared and pilot tested. Where resolution was not possible, a third review author consulted. If more than one publication of a trial was identified, all publications were reviewed and the paper with the first publication date included as a primary version. All studies meeting the inclusion criteria then underwent data extraction and a quality assessment. Types of Outcome Measures Primary Outcome Measure Pain relief, i.e. freedom from symptoms of pain and sensitivity as reported and experienced by the patient. Patient discomfort during the procedure measured by physiological measurement or behavioral observation. Patient’s anxiety and stress after treatment. Durability of restoration survival time of restoration (in months) from the time of placement. Secondary outcome measures Defects of restorative materials such as wear, fracture and staining (color changes) of restoration. Restoration failure, e.g. replaced restorations. Marginal integrity of restoration. Secondary caries. Results Pain, Anxiety and Discomfort: Five studies were reported on pain out of which three studies suggested that ART was found to be less painful.[4,5,6] In a study conducted by Rahimtoola S et al[7] pain was reported when ART technique was used but was significantly less than the conventional restorative technique. While in one study there was no significant difference in the pain levels of children treated using conventional restorative treatment, atraumatic restorative treatment or ultraconservative treatment but it was observed that when conventional restorative treatment was used, more children neededlocal anesthesia.[8] One study showed that the levels of dental anxiety were less in patients treated with ART as compared to conventional restorative treatment.[9]The studies from Topaloglu et al[10] and de Menezes Abreu et al[11] reported no difference in the levels of dental anxiety. ART technique has a potential to cause less discomfort to the patient and to less invasive to the dental tissue than conventional approach. The patient’s acceptance of ART was verified by Mickenautsch et al[12] who observed that both children and adults receiving ART restorations responded positively to the treatment. Study conducted by Schriks MC[13] and Van Amerongen WE[14] stated that children treated according to the ART approach using hand instruments alone experience less discomfort than those treated using rotary instrument. Similar findings were reported by ECM Lo CJ Holmgren also.[5] A summary of these studies outcomes is presented in Table1. TABLE 1: Overview of studies having assessed dental pain, anxiety and discomfort between the ART and the traditional treatment approach Comparison Age Operator background Variable measured Conclusion ART vs rotary Instruments[7] 6–16 years old Dentists Pain: -Questions: Did you feel any pain during treatment? ART caused less pain ART vs rotary Instruments[8] 4–7 years old Pedodontist specialist Pain: -Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale ART caused less pain ART vs rotary instruments vs ultraconservative treatment[4] 6–7 years old Pedodontist specialist Pain: -Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale -No difference in levels of pain among treatments -Local anaesthesia was more frequent given in the rotary instrument group ART vs rotary instruments ART vs ART with Carisolv [10] 6–7 years old Pedodontist specialist Anxiety: -Venham Picture Test No difference in levels of anxiety between treatments ART vs rotary Instruments[9] Children and adults Dentists and dental therapists Anxiety: -Childrens fear survey schedule -Corahs dental anxiety scale Both children and adults treated with the ART were less dental-anxious ART vs rotary instruments vs ultraconservative treatment[11] 6–7 years old Pedodontist specialist Anxiety: -Facial Image Scale No difference in levels of anxiety among treatments ART vs rotary Instruments[13] 6-year-old children Dental students and dentists Discomfort: -Heart rate and modified Venham index (observations) ART caused less discomfort Durability of Restoration Various studies showed that survival rates were lower with increasing period of time.[15,16] Frencken JE[15] assessed the survival of ART restoration after first, second and third year evaluation interval and found that the survival rate of one surface ART restoration were higher in first year compared to second and third year. Lo ECM[16] Suggested that cumulative survival rates of the large restoration were lower, being 77% and 46% after 3 and 6 year respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in cumulative survival percentages of the evaluated ART restorations between single and multiple-surface restorations at 1-year (p=0.137) and 2-year (p=0.377) evaluations. But at the 10-year evaluation, the survival rate for single-surface restorations (65.2%) was 2.1 times higher than that for the multiple surface restorations (30.6%). This difference was statistically significant (p=0.009).[17] Secondary Outcome Measures: Defects of restorative materials wear and fracture of restoration: Studies conducted by Lo ECM[16] and Frencken JE[18] showed that most of the restoration were in good condition and had only minor defects and wear which did not warrant further treatment. Secondary caries Increment of secondary caries was found to be maximum in a study conducted by Zanata RL[17] while other studies showed no statically significant difference.[18,19] Operator effect. Frencken JE [18] et al observed an operator effect for single surface ART restorations. It was observed in one study that experienced operators place better ART restoration than inexperienced operators.[15] Marginal Integrity of Restoration: In a study the restorations that were evaluated with the USPHS criteria at the 5-year examination, unacceptable marginal integrity, either a crevice extending to the enamel–dentine junction or the restoration being fractured was found in 9% of the small and 21% of the large restorations.[18] While in another study, 63.6% of the ART restorations were assessed as ‘good’, 15% as having a ‘slight marginal defect’ at 3years.[19] Restoration Failure Failure occurred in 24% of the small restorations and 41% of the large restorations. The large restorations had a higher relative risk of failure, 5.87, compared with the small restorations.[16] Failures were related to unacceptable marginal defects and total loss of restoration. Frencken JE [18] reported failure of total 28 ART restorations placed in 25 students during the 3 year period. While same author in another study reported 106 ART restoration failures from total of 487 ART single surface posterior restorations.[15] Discussion: The ART approach seems to be an economic and effective method for improving the oral health not only of people in developing but also of those in industrialized countries (Frencken and Holmgren 2004).[1] It may be considered as a safe and conservative alternative for conventional restorative dental treatment, particularly for Class I (occlusal) dental cavities. Pr imary outcome measures: Pain, Discomfort and Anxiety: The originators of the ART approach noticed that the technique had a potential to cause less discomfort to the patient and to be less invasive to the dental tissues than the conventional approach. The patients acceptance of ART was verified by Mickenautsch and Rudolph[12], who observed that both children and adults receiving ART restorations responded very positively to the treatment. Dentists also seemed to approve the â€Å"new† approach. Among the main reasons given were those related to the patients comfort: the reduced use of local anesthetic and absence of the noisy drill and suction.[20] Some suggested that ART as found to be less painful and cause less dental anxiety. The reasons could be contributed to the operator’s level of specialization and /or skills in handling anxious children. The studies from Topaloglu et al [10] and de Menezes Abreu et al [4,11] in which no difference in levels of dental anxiety and dental pain were observed, were performed by pediatric dentists. In the studies that favored ART [7,8,13] all operators, but the one from de Menezes Abreu et al, [8] were non-pediatric dentists (general practitioners, dental therapists or dental students). However, the latter study had included children younger than 6 years, and all those given the conventional treatment received local anesthesia and the restorations were performed under rubber dam isolation. It is not unrealistic to argue that age and the use of the needle and that of rubber dam might have influenced childrens perception of pain. In light of all these aspects, it can be hypothesized th at the behavior management provided by a pediatric dentist may overcome much of the discomfort that a child can feel independent of the restorative treatment approach. Durability of Restoration: The survival percentages of single surface non occlusal posterior ART restoration were significantly higher than for comparable amalgam restoration 4.4, 5.3 and 6.3 years. Although it is known that non occlusal glass ionomer restoration survive long but significant lower survival results for non occlusal amalgam than for comparable ART glass ionomer restorations were observed.[15] The cumulative survival rate of ART single surface restoration remained high throughout the study 92.7% (SE 3.0%) over 2 years and65.2%(SE 7.3%) up to 10 years. These rates are in the line with the results of other investigations, which reported survival rates ranging from 66% to 76% at 6 year for single surface restorations. The cumulative success of 65.2% observed in this study could be considered even better due to the longer period of clinical service. The survival rates of multiple surface restorations (class II) decreased significantly from 2 to 10 years. After 2 years, the survival rates between single and multiple surface restorations were similar. These results are consistent with those of Cefaly and Farag which observed similar survival rates for class 1 and class II restoration after 1 and 5 years, respectively. However, a statistical difference was apparent over the 10 year evaluation period (65.2Ãâ€"30.6% success rates for single and multiple surface restorations, respe ctively).[17] Secondary outcome measures: Defects of restorative material such as Wear, Fracture and Staining of Restoration: The annual wear rate of the high strength glass–ionomer material used in their study was rather stable at around 20-25 m after the first year and this did not increase much with time or size of the restoration. This rate is very satisfactory and may help to alleviate some of the concerns of earlier reviews on ART. The use of an adhesive material in ART restorations also makes repair of restorations with gross defects and wear possible and total replacement may not be necessary.[15] Reasons for minor defects and wear can be explained by the fact that firm finger pressure was applied over the restorative material to ensure good penetration of glass ionomer into the pits and fissures, as recently demonstrated.[18] Secondary caries: It has been shown that caries left in occlusal enamel lesions had either not progressed at all or only progressed slightly under clinically ‘intact’ as well as ‘sometimes intact’ sealants after 3 years. In contrast, caries had progressed under sealants that were ‘never intact’.[18] No ART restoration failed because of carious lesion development only. Restorations failed because of a combination of dentine carious lesions and mechanical defects.[17] This pattern of failure was also observed by Frencken et al[15] but contrasts with the study of Prakki et al[21] which observed no caries even in those teeth whose ART restorations were missing. Operator effect: An operator effect has been cited in a number of ART studies.[18,22,23] Although all operators (dentists and dental therapists) in the studies referred to above had followed a training course on ART, the operator effect seems to indicate that in order to perform quality ART restorations, the operating dental personnel requires skill, diligence and comprehension. An ART training course of a couple of days may be too short for some qualified dentists and dental therapists.[15] The operators’ greater experience in applying ART and the use of a high-viscous glass ionomer in the study may explain the higher results.[18] Failure of Restoration: The finding that failures of ART restorations placed in the same child were correlated suggests that some factors related to the individual subjects such as diet, occlusion, and caries risk may influence restoration survival.[16] The predominant reasons for ART restorations to fail were unacceptable defects at the margin and re restoration.[15] Almost half of the failures were related both to the physical characteristics of the glass ionomer used and to the operators’ handling of the material. Few failures were due to excessive wear. The other half of the failures were considered to be operator related. The exact reasons for the unacceptable marginal defects were unknown. However, it can be speculated that improper mixing of glass ionomer, providing a mixture that was either too dry or too wet, was one of the reasons. Another reason could be the difficulty in inserting the material into the depths of deep and small preparations. Subsurface voids produced during insertion may have resulted in later fracture of the surface layer under pressure.[18] Compared to conventional treatment approaches, ART is still very young. Despite this, much progress has been made in researching various aspects of the ART approach. More experience in the actual technique of cleaning carious cavities with hand instruments has been gained and newer, physically stronger glass ionomers have been marketed as a result of its existence. These developments have most probably led to the higher survival results of ART restorations in permanent teeth in the more recent compared to the early studies. Conclusion: ART technique has proved to be less painful and causes less discomfort to the patients with high survival rate in both in primary and permanent teeth. This technique has the potential to make oral health care more available to a larger part of the world’s population than before. The greater part of the world’s population has no access to restorative dental care. ART should be taken seriously by the dental profession and educational courses should be organized before the approach is used in the clinic.

Why I Have No Hero Essay -- essays research papers

Why I Have No Hero   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is a hero? Does one have to have superpowers, special abilities or incredible talent to be considered one? Well, some of us seem to think so. Then there is the everyday teacher or local figure that is considered a hero to selected individuals in their community. To me a hero has to have a few selected qualities, and I haven't met anyone who can fulfill all three.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, a hero must be good at heart. A hero has to know how to give and take accordingly. When he/she is needed to make a great sacrifice to help the community, their closest friends, or even their greatest enemies, they need to know that it is okay to make that sacrifice and know they did the right thing. That person also needs to go out and make a difference in their community and not need any more motivation than the good feeling they feel when they've made a positive impact on the few people they met with and helped. A person that is to be considered a hero must be naturally good and work for good and be there when they are needed most. They should not have to feel guilty about the negative effects of something they have done if the good it causes out weighs the bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Honesty is a good trait to have if you want to be a hero. A hero needs to be honest with the public so that he/she will get the public's support to retain that hero status among them, and possibly gain that stat...

Beryllium :: Research Papers Essays

Beryllium Beryllium is a highly toxic metal and if exposed to it, at or above the threshold values, it can lead to a chronic beryllium disease (CBD) (i.e. berylliosis) or an acute beryllium disease. Toxic exposure to beryllium is most often thru an inhalation pathway. Beryllium has a variety of effects. Some beryllium combines with a protein and is deposited in the liver, spleen and kidneys, but the beryllium when bound with a biological protein, a hapten, can result in the chronic form of the disease which is believed to be a delayed hypersensitivity immune response. The major toxicological effects of beryllium are on the respiratory tract,specifically the lungs and their alveoli. Beryllium and its unique characteristic led to it being used widely in a variety of industries prior to is know toxic effects. Today it is know that beryllium is a highly toxic material which results in devastating toxic effects on the lungs. There has been drastic increases in the regulation in beryllium use so as to protect those that directly handle and work with the metal. With theses regulations, beryllium is fairly safe to work with and use in a variety of products and industries. In the following text, there will be a description of beryllium confusing history and toxic effects on the respiratory system of man. Beryllium has the symbol Be. In the older chemical literature, beryllium is called glucinium after the Greek word glykys meaning sweet, because of Vauquelin's initial description and observation of Beryllium. Beryllium's atomic number is 4, its atomic weight is 9.01 and in its pure metal form it melts at 1278 degrees Celsius. The Beryllium element, an alkaline earth metal which belongs to group II of the periodic table, was first discovered in 1798 by L.M. Vauquelin. Vauquelin,a French chemist, was doing work with aluminum and noticed a white powder that was nothing like that of aluminum or any of its derivatives. Vauquelin named this mystery powder, gluinium because of its sweet taste was like that of glucose. In 1828, Wohler, a German metallurgist reduced it to its metallic form and renamed it beryllium.(figure 2) There was no commercial application of beryllium until 1918 when Cooper patented a beryllium-aluminum alloy, which turn into the 'jump-start', into extending beryllium's application. Following Cooper's patent of the beryllium alloy, Charles II in 1921, was intrigued by beryllium's light weight, extreme stiffness, high heat absorption and interesting nuclear cross section.

Michigan School for the Deaf Essay

Through the years the school has faced many challenges such as: funding, maintenance, up keep of advancing technology and enrollment. The single most important issue is funding without funding there would be no residential school for the deaf children and the would be forced to be mainstreamed into public school. I propose that parents should be told about Michigan School for the Deaf. Driving down Miller Road in Flint, Michigan and you are probably wondering what the old buildings standing there are for and what came about to how the school Michigan School for the Deaf became about? I will help you better understand. MSD was started in 1848, but it did not start out as MSD. Heck, they didn’t even know what they were going to call it or where it was going to be located, they just knew the deaf and blind needed a school to go to as well as â€Å"normal† students. A State Legislature Governor Ransom, who just so happened to be the governor at the time, wanted to give the idea of having a joint school for the deaf and dumb and blind. A guy by the name of E. H. Thomson proposed a bill to establish an institution called Michigan Asylum for Educating the deaf and dumb and blind. The bill was later enacted into a law and signed April 3rd, 1848. It took a good 28 years to get a school started. In the 1820’s a state sponsored school was proposed to be established in Detroit, Michigan but it was never materialized. A few students who were blind were taught in a preparatory school at the University of Michigan located in Romeo, Michigan during the 1840’s. Children in the 1840’s were not educated in programs, Michigan did not send deaf and blind students to schools like many other states were practicing. Villages of Flint, Romeo, and Kalamazoo extended offers of donations of land, cash, and building materials. In November 1849, the board selected the proposed site for the hospital for the insane and the also the proposed for the school. The hospital was to be located in Kalamazoo and the school was in Flint. The funding law was passed in 1848, but because of financial difficulties the school did not start until 1854. In the year of 1851 the board voiced the idea to joint the deaf and blind because having a separate school was out of the question. They proposed the idea of having of having erected class rooms suitable and separate for the deaf and blind. Students who could afford the school financially, were the suitable age, and had the strength would board in the Village of Flint, the students who couldn’t afford were accommodated under the charge of the Principle. The month of November in 1853 the board offered Reverend Barnabas Maynard Fay the position of Principle. Fay had previous experience as a teacher at Indiana Institution for the Blind and the Institution for Deaf and Dumb in New York. January 1854, Fay was appointed and the school was to open February 1, 1854 in Flint. February 6, 1854 the first student was enrolled, April 18, 1854 it was reported they had 12 students, 11 deaf mute and one blind. Thirteen years later an act was passed to change the name of Michigan Asylum to Michigan Institution for Educating the Dead and Dumb and the Blind. In 1879, the blind were separated the school for the blind from the school for the deaf. In 1887 Michigan School for the Deaf was given, not sure what year Michigan School for the Blind was relocated to Lansing, Michigan. As of 1937 MSD became jurisdiction of the State Board of Education and still remains to this day. (deaftartars. com) You may be wondering why I am writing a proposal for MSD when I am neither deaf or blind. It’s a simple answer, family. My grandpa is a Tartar alumni, being deaf mute and completely blind. He was not always blind, but he has been deaf since the day he was born. My family moved from Arkansas to Michigan for the school. You are probably once again thinking, are you guys crazy? No, we are not, they just wanted best from their highly intelligent son. A lot of people degrade deaf and blind individuals, they see them as being different from us so they automatically call them dumb. It hurts when I hear these individuals being called that because I know first hand that they are not anywhere near that. They have to retain a bunch of knowledge in their brain as well as us, but the difference they have to use their hands where we use are mouths. It is an even harder task because just like us they have to learn different languages also. You are probably really confused as to how a deaf and blind person communicates am I right? I will inform you, it is a lot harder then a regular deaf person. They use what is called tactile sign language, it is when the person talking takes the other persons hand and signs into the palm of the hand, but only using one hand most of the time. Luckily, my grandpa was one of the lucky was to get a great education considering there are a lot of them that are not as lucky example, Matt Hamill. Matt Hamill, found out at a very young age that he was profoundly deaf. His grandfather would not let him go to a school that would help him better learn how to communicate with every day people. He became a star wrestler, even got into Purdue University. Soon to be kicked out because he was not taught sign language and could not comprehend what the interrupters were saying to him, let alone what they were doing. Matt later went to Rochester College of Technology (RTC). There he learned everything he needed to know and became a National Champion Wrestler. Michigan School for the Deaf, is not only for deaf students. MSD is also a school of choice for anyone, but it definitely an expensive school. Tuition is $30,600 and for the resident intermediate school district it is $9,500. Many parents of deaf children do not know that there is a school for deaf children, reasoning why enrollment is down and why MSD does not have a lot of funding. (The Hammer) The amount of enrollment for MSD has gone down so far over the years which is causing some major funding for the school. Public schools get $9,000 for each deaf student that is enrolled into their school district. Most of the students and their parent’s do not even know that Michigan School for the Deaf even exist. I believe in order to get funding up at MSD a group of people need to go from school district to school across Michigan and have an assembly or a benefit for these parents. They can sit down and talk about what can happen at Michigan School for the Deaf for their child, why it is a better ideal school for their child to go to, and why their school district will not tell them about MSD. I bet you didn’t know that for every deaf child a public school has they get $9,000, that is $9,000 that MSD does not et because if that child leaves the district to go to MSD that district loses that money and has to give it to MSD. Deaf culture is a very hard culture to understand. A lot of time learning their language and learning how they have to learn is a very hard way. Its not easy teaching a deaf child math. You have to make sure you never mix the numbers up or how you sign a ver y long equation. The public school really isn’t using the money other then to pay an interrupter for each deaf child that is at that school. They get paid anywhere from $30-$70/hour. For one week of a school year saying that the child attends school for 35 hours that week, that interrupter earns $2,450 just one week! So in all honesty that school is losing money rather then gaining it from/for that child. Even fundraisers for the school would help. Like do a huge sporting event, say that Powers Catholic football team plays a huge game there and half the proceeds go to MSD or even showing movies like The Hammer and paying three dollars to watch it and having snacks where all the proceeds go to the school. I just think that more parents need to know that Michigan School for the Deaf is there so that their child gets a better education for their situation. If Michigan School for the Deaf does not get their funding up they are going to have to shut down and main stream all of their students into public schools. I believe that every parent with a deaf child is a very lucky parent. My grandparents are both deaf and they are highly intelligent. My grandpa is deaf and blind he is what people call the wooden toy maker. He carves fire trucks, old ford trucks, helicopters, and trains out of wood. He has been doing this 1991. my grandpa has no idea what we look like but he knows its us by a simple wave of hi in his hand or a handshake. A lot of people I know call deaf people dumb, but they are far from that. I bet if every person got a chance to have a conversation one to one with a deaf person they would think completely different of how they see each person. They are unique in their own way just like every other person in this world. I think it is amazing how they have a school to go to for their environment as well as we have one for ours. I think taking that away from them is cruel and horrible. Having a child that is deaf is a remarkable thing, do not let something that has been around for years be taken away because someone can afford to keep it up and running. This state needs to understand that they have a historical building in their hands, they need to figure out a way to keep it up and running. Remember, No Child Left Behind. Work Cited Michigan School for the Deaf. January 2011. December 2011 . Debbie Jenkins. Personal interview. December 2011. Harold Riley. Personal interview. December 2011. The Hammer. Dir. Oren Kapal. Perf. Russell Harvard, Raymond J. Barry, and Shoshannah Stern. 2011. Film.

Life in the Slums Essay

Life is tough living in the slums, but I’m used to it now so it’s not as hard as it was when we first moved here. Especially considering we were looking to come to the city for a better lifestyle, and to have a better chance for my parents to get a job, and for my siblings and I to go to school. My name is Anikal and I’m 13, I have 3 older brothers, and one younger sister. Para 1: living conditions and hygiene and population density Moved to Mumbai 4 years ago looking for a better life- ended up in slums It is basically a tip where we live It’s so crowded- 56% of residences have 3 or more people living in a single room It’s so dirty, it smells (although we are used to it now) People evacuating their bowls in the middle of the streets- 5 million residents don’t have access to toilets We don’t have showers we have to find little pools to clean off in- they’re generally dirty water It is a tough life to get used to- nothing is easy We were playing cricket on a big stretch of concrete and the police came chasing after us- we had to run and weave through the slums Para 2: work and employment opportunities and school and exploitation of children We originally moved to the city for the reasons of work and schooling My siblings and I get to go to school twice a week as that’s all we can afford We all have to work to get enough money for our family to eat, and to go to school It can be tough labor a lot of the time for little amounts of money We are working towards starting a business selling stuff- we aren’t sure what yet There aren’t many opportunities in the slums for work, so you have to take anything you can get We thought there would be a lot of opportunities in Mumbai There are in the main city, but very few in the slums We have to go around asking everyone if there’s anything we can do for them to earn a little bit of money We don’t get to keep that money for ourselves, we give it to mum and dad, and they use it for all the things we need Para 3: buildings and structures and infrastructure and police and security There are so many buildings in a small area in our slum Over half the population lives on 12% of the land When you are walking around there is only a small gap for sunlight to get through All the buildings are right together and the roofs hang over the footpath- if you can even call it a foot path There are some buildings that are more than one story, but they aren’t very safe For some people it doesn’t matter how unsafe it is, they just need somewhere to live The security isn’t all that great in the slums The police are sort of against us, when ever we go places we aren’t supposed to they’re straight onto us and will chase us for ages With people in the main city, they will politely tell them off, but us, straight into a full chase. Our house is substandard When it rains torrentially it sometimes leak We have hardly any access to hospitals and medical attention Conclusion: Life in the slums is tough. We moved to the city with the intention of starting fresh, and having more opportunities but we ended up in the slums. We’ve been here for four years and it’s been hard. I’m used to it now though. It is very unhygienic and packed. The population density is ridiculous. It’s been a hard run in terms of work and school, we only get a small education, and don’t have a job, we just have to try help out with same labor work for some money. There are so many buildings in such a small area, and we don’t have any security, and the police are just out to catch us doing the wrong thing. Our house is very small and squishy, but it’s the life I’m now used to, whether I like it or not, it’s how it is. Essay Life is tough living in the slums, but I’m used to it now so it’s not as hard as it was when we first moved here. Especially considering we were looking to come to the city for a better lifestyle, a chance for my parents to get a job, and for my siblings and I to get an education. My name is Anikal, I’m 13, I have 3 older brothers, and one younger sister. I’m live in the slums of Mumbai. My family and I moved to Mumbai looking for a better lifestyle, but ended up in the slums pretty quickly. It is basically like a tip where we live, it’s terrible. It is so crowded, people everywhere, and in 56% of the residences there are three or more people living in just one room! It is all so dirty, and smells (although we are used to the smell now). People just go to the toilet in the streets, 5 million people don’t have access to toilets, and in Dharavi there is one toilet per 1440 people. We don’t have access to showers- not many people do, but we have to use the water we have, or find pools of water we can clean off in. It’s a tough life to get used to in the slums, nothing comes easy. We were just playing cricket out the back of the slums on the concrete on someone else’s land, but no one was there, we weren’t affecting anyone, and the police just chased us on motorbikes with sticks and all, and we had to run back into the slums, on the roofs trying to get away. We eventually got away then ran back the other way passed them on the roof, we saw them though the gap in between two houses. We originally moved to the city of Mumbai in search of better work and schooling opportunities. My siblings and I only get to go to school twice a week, and get a small education as that’s all we can afford on our very small budget. My whole family has to work as much as we can helping people out, doing laboring work just to get enough money for the things we need. We are working towards trying to start up our own small business, and hopefully then have a steady income that we can live off. There aren’t many opportunities in the slums of Mumbai, so we have to take any work we can get. There are many opportunities if you’re in the main part of Mumbai, but unfortunately we’re in the slums. My siblings and I don’t get any pocket money, any money we go out and earn goes straight to our parents so that they can buy all the things we need, like food. There are so many buildings and other structures in our small area of the slums. It is packed, over half of the population lives on only 12% of the land. When you are walking around through the slums, there is only a small gap for any sunlight to get through between the roofs of buildings, over the footpaths- if you can even call it a footpath. There are some buildings in our slum that are more than one story, they aren’t very safe though, but for some people, thats their only option. We don’t really have any security in our slums, and the police are just out to catch us, whenever we are doing anything wrong, even the smallest thing that would normally just be a warning for others, they chase us all through our slums trying to catch us. They’re just constantly out to get us. Our house is very substandard, it’s just like a little hut, with two rooms that we’re all squished into. When there is torrential rain it can sometimes get in, but it’s u sually pretty good. We have hardly any access to any sort of medical care, and hospitals, so when we get sick or injured, we just have to hope its not too bad and that we can get through and come out better in time. Life in the slums is tough. We moved to the city with the intention of starting fresh, and having more opportunities but we ended up in the slums. We’ve been here for four years and it’s been hard. I’m used to it now though. It is very unhygienic and packed. The population density is ridiculous. It’s been a hard run in terms of work and school, we only get a small education, and don’t have a job, we just have to try help out with same labor work for some money. There are so many buildings in such a small area, and we don’t have any security, and the police are just out to catch us doing the wrong thing. Our house is very small and squishy, but it’s the life I’m now used to, whether I like it or not, it’s how it is. Bibliography: â€Å"Living conditions in the slums.† Sites.google. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. . Marotta, Stephen. â€Å"Slums – mumbaiindias jimdo page!.† Introduction – mumbaiindias jimdo page!. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Aug. 2013. . Slumdog millionaire. Dir. Danny Boyle. Perf. Jamal Malik. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2009. DVD. hallam, james. â€Å"Dharavi – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Aug. 2013. .